Egan Therapy: Marrying Mussolini to Montessori

Prologue: A Fractured Alliance

In the chaos of the early 1920s, Italy teetered on the edge of collapse. Political factions clashed in the streets, rural unrest boiled over, and the specter of communism haunted the nation. Benito Mussolini believed only a strong, unified state could save Italy, and he was willing to use coercive power to achieve it. Yet, even in his quest for control, he saw the promise in an educational genius: Maria Montessori.

Montessori’s methods, rooted in trust and independence, seemed to offer a different kind of unity—one built on connection and meaning rather than force. For a time, their partnership thrived. Montessori’s schools expanded under Mussolini’s regime, blending her vision of individual empowerment with his need for national cohesion. But their philosophies were destined to collide. Montessori’s pacifism and focus on human potential clashed with Mussolini’s growing authoritarianism. By the mid-1930s, their alliance crumbled, and Italy turned toward a darker path.

But what if someone had been able to bridge their divide? Could Italy have become a beacon of unity forged through both strength and freedom? The answer lies in the possibilities they left behind.